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        "\"The 'Subject Areas' panel on each article page displays a set of terms selected for that article based on its content. The Subject Areas belong to a thesaurus of over 10,000 terms initially built for us over the course of 2012 by Access Innovations, taking into account the controlled vocabulary of classification terms that had been in use in PLOS Editorial Manager. The entire corpus of PLOS articles was analysed to ensure that the thesaurus covers the research domain comprehensively.\n\nSpecific terms are associated with articles by Machine Aided Indexing (MAI) which identifies text strings in the articles and matches them to Subject Area terms from the thesaurus. The output ranks the matches in order of frequency of hits within the text of the article and the top eight terms are selected for display. Whereas previously the eight terms were presented in alphabetical order, we are introducing weightings to the Subject Area panel, such that the order of Subject Areas will reflect the frequency of hits in the MAI process. This new presentation will be introduced progressively, beginning with the main Article tab.\n\nThe MAI process uses a Rulebase to guide Subject Area selection. Whereas identifying a phrase such as 'Retinitis pigmentosa' is relatively straightforward for software, the issue is more complex for a word such as 'Sodium' where the relevant Subject Area might be 'Voltage-gated sodium channels', any of several sodium compounds or even just 'Sodium' the element. The rule for terms such as 'Sodium' are therefore compound and include conditional statements to disambiguate these different contexts. While the vast majority of terms are effectively indexed there remain ambiguities for some terms and part of our work is to continue to identify these cases and modify the Rulebase accordingly.\n\nThe Subject Area terms are related to each other with a system of broader/narrower term relationships. The thesaurus structure is a polyhierarchy, so for example the Subject Area 'White blood cells' has two broader terms 'Blood cells' and 'Immune cells'. At its deepest the hierarchy is ten tiers deep, with all terms tracking back to one or more of the top tier Subject Areas, such as 'Biology and life sciences' or 'Social sciences'.\n\nThe Subject Area terms can be used to filter PLOS content via the Subject-specific option in Advanced Search. The MAI Rulebase accommodates synonyms, so a Subject-specific Search for 'Highly active antiretroviral therapy' will retrieve articles based on MAI matches to 'HAART' (a known synonym) as well as 'Highly active antiretroviral therapy' in one step. Additionally, because we select the most frequently MAI-indexed Subject Areas for each article the Search returns articles where the Subject Area in question ranks highly enough to be included in the top eight MAI-retrieved terms, so is of relatively high significance, whereas a query term in an “All fields” search will return every article that contains even a single match to the query term.\n\nThe hierarchical nature of the thesaurus also enhances article retrieval in Search. Not only does Search retrieve all articles specifically indexed by MAI with the query Subject Area term in question, but it also retrieves all articles specifically indexed with any Subject Area term that sits deeper into the hierarchy than the query Subject Area term, but on the same broader/narrower term path. Thus, in the 'White blood cells' example, queries for either 'Blood cells' or 'Immune cells' will return all articles indexed with 'White blood cells'.\n\nThe Subject Area terms on all article pages are hyperlinked and following the link returns a listing of all articles to which that Subject Area term applies. Subject Area terms can also be used as the basis for Saved Searches, RSS feeds and PLOS ONE customized Journal Alerts.\n\nThe content of the PLOS thesaurus and the Rulebase that governs the application of Subject Areas to the articles is constantly under review. We incorporate analysis of the Subject Area panel 'feedback' clicks into this review process, and are always happy to receive specific input on Subject Area terms and their application by email. We update the thesaurus behind the PLOS sites several times each year.\""
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        "@context": "https://gbv.github.io/jskos/context.json",
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        "notation": [
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        "prefLabel": {
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        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/500/e23/"
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        "@context": "https://gbv.github.io/jskos/context.json",
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        "notation": [
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          "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#Concept"
        ],
        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/600/e23/"
      }
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    "url": "http://datahub.io/dataset/tekord"
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    "concepts": [],
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        "\"The importance of e-business and electronic data has never been as important as today, regardless of whether it is a marketplace on the Internet, an eProcurement system, a shop or catalog creation software - every participant at PVH uses electronic data almost every day, (...) The consequences of this lack of standardization: Just about every data delivery has to be controlled manually and adapted to almost everyone And the classification standard proficl @ ss, which has been developed in 2003 and has since then been regularly updated, makes this unevenness and the associated handling problems in the PVH ultimately a thing of the past, because all relevant information, eg technical product data, pictures, short - and Langtexte to de N individual products, can be transferred without a layout and imported into the database by the data receiver (customer, dealer, Internet marketplace). \""
      ],
      "und": [
        "\"Noch nie war die Bedeutung des eBusiness und damit die elektronischer Daten so groß wie heute. Ganz gleich, ob Marktplatz im Internet, eProcurement-System, Shop oder Katalogerstellungssoftware – jeder Beteiligte am PVH nutzt elektronische Daten fast täglich. So wichtig sie damit sind, so unverbindlich ist allerdings vielerorts noch ihr Aufbau. Praktisch jeder Hersteller nutzt seine eigene Nomenklatur, eine individuelle Datenstruktur und eigene Produktbeschreibungen. (...) Die Folgen dieser fehlenden Standardisierung: So gut wie jede Datenlieferung muss händisch kontrolliert und angepasst werden, nach fast jeder Übertragung gibt es Abstimmungsbedarf. Mit den 2003 erarbeiteten und seitdem regelmäßig fortentwickelten Regeln und dem Klassifizierungsstandard mailto:proficl@ss gehören diese Uneinheitlichkeit und die damit verbundenen Handlingprobleme im PVH endgültig der Vergangenheit an. Denn alle relevanten Informationen, z. B. technische Produktdaten, Bilder, Kurz- und Langtexte zu den einzelnen Produkten, können ohne Layout übergeben und vom Datenempfänger (Kunde, Händler, Internet-Marktplatz) in seine Datenbank importiert werden.\""
      ]
    },
    "languages": [
      "en",
      "de"
    ],
    "modified": "2019-04-23T15:50:00Z",
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "Classification proficl @ ss",
      "und": "Klassifikation proficl@ss"
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        ],
        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/6/e23/"
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        ],
        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/600/e23/"
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    "topConcepts": [],
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    ],
    "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/1698",
    "url": "http://www.proficlass.de/front_content.php?idcat=6"
  },
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    ],
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      "locality": "Geneva",
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    "concepts": [],
    "created": "2016-08-23T12:20:00Z",
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        "\"WIPO’s multilingual terminology portal gives access to scientific and technical terms derived from patent documents. It helps promote accurate and consistent use of terms across different languages, and makes it easier to search and share scientific and technical knowledge.\""
      ]
    },
    "languages": [
      "ar",
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    "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/17729",
    "url": "http://www.wipo.int/reference/en/wipopearl"
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    ],
    "concepts": [],
    "created": "2017-02-22T14:21:00Z",
    "definition": {
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        "\"Contextual taxonomy was developed in consultation with taxonomy experts from academia, ad measurement companies, and members of the IAB Networks & Exchanges Committee. This taxonomy defines contextual content categories on at least three different tiers.\n\nThe 'IAB Tech Lab Content Taxonomy' was previously called the 'Quality Assurance Guidelines (QAG) Taxonomy.'\n\nThe first tier is a broad level category defined as a targeting depth of either: category/portal, site section, or page. Tier 2 categories and greater are additional categories nested under Tier 1 categories. Both tier 1 and tier 2 categories are formerly established for the IQG Program (formerly QAG Program) so that content classification can be consistent across the industry.\""
      ]
    },
    "extent": "29 Categories (2017-02).",
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      "en"
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        ],
        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/600/e23/"
      }
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    "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/18446",
    "url": "https://www.iab.com/guidelines/iab-quality-assurance-guidelines-qag-taxonomy/"
  },
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        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Access/Registered"
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      {
        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Access/Free"
      }
    ],
    "ADDRESS": {
      "code": "59807",
      "country": "United States",
      "locality": "Missoula",
      "region": "MT"
    },
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      {
        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Format/Online"
      },
      {
        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Format/PDF"
      }
    ],
    "concepts": [],
    "created": "2017-02-28T14:49:00Z",
    "definition": {
      "en": [
        "\"The Biomimicry Taxonomy is a classification system developed by the Biomimicry Institute to organize biological content on the website AskNature. The taxonomy categorizes the different ways that organisms and natural systems meet functional challenges into groups of related functions.\n\nUse the taxonomy to help you navigate AskNature or, when beginning a design challenge, as a tool to help you 'think functionally' and identify questions you can 'ask' nature.\""
      ]
    },
    "languages": [
      "en"
    ],
    "license": [
      {
        "uri": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"
      }
    ],
    "modified": "2019-04-23T15:50:00Z",
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "Biomimicry Taxonomy"
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    "subject": [
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          {
            "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/241"
          }
        ],
        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/5/e23/"
      },
      {
        "inScheme": [
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        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/578/e23/"
      },
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            "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/241"
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        ],
        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/600/e23/"
      }
    ],
    "topConcepts": [],
    "type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#ConceptScheme",
      "http://w3id.org/nkos/nkostype#taxonomy"
    ],
    "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/18469",
    "url": "https://asknature.org/resource/biomimicry-taxonomy/#.WQD4QsakLIU"
  },
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    "ACCESS": [
      {
        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Access/Free"
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    ],
    "ADDRESS": {
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      "country": "Finland",
      "locality": "Tampere",
      "street": "Korkeakoulunkatu 7"
    },
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        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Format/Online"
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    ],
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      "und": [
        "Books - Shelf classification"
      ]
    },
    "concepts": [],
    "created": "2015-12-16T15:48:00Z",
    "definition": {
      "en": [
        "Shelf catagories of the technical University of Tampereen."
      ],
      "und": [
        "Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston hyllykategoriat."
      ]
    },
    "languages": [
      "en",
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    "modified": "2019-04-23T15:50:00Z",
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      "en": "Ordinary shelf categories",
      "und": "Alanmukaiset hyllyluokat"
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        "uri": "http://dewey.info/class/500/e23/"
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    "url": "http://www.tut.fi/fi/kirjasto/aineistot/hyllyluokat/"
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    "ADDRESS": {
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      "country": "United States",
      "locality": "Farmington Hills",
      "region": "MI",
      "street": "27500 Drake Rd."
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    "FORMAT": [
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        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/Format/Spreadsheet"
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          "en": "Heather Hedden"
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          "en": "So Young Yoon"
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      {
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          "en": "So Young Yoon"
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      {
        "uri": "https://bartoc.org/login/users/4342c864-9ab3-4277-a63b-7896f8c4111d",
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    "definition": {
      "en": [
        "- provide a classification system to establish a statistical foundation for structural analysis of the disaster safety industry, understanding the current status of the market, establishing and supporting policies for fostering the relevant industries, and supporting systematic development policies.\n- The Minister of Public Safety and Security classifies and manages industries in disaster prevention products and disaster prevention for fostering the disaster prevention business pursuant to Article 58 and for stable procurement and quality control of materials and materials needed for rapid recovery prevention projects.\n- By integrating the special classification and special classification of the disaster safety industry, the composition system of the disaster prevention, response, and recovery stages has been changed from the existing industrial activities to the disaster prevention and recovery system, consisting of 5 divisions, 16 divisions, and 71 small groups."
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      "und": [
        "- 재난안전산업 관련 구조분석, 시장 규모 등 기초 현황 파악, 육성정책 수립·지원 등을 위한 통계기반을 구축하고, 관련산업에 대한 체계적인 육성정책 수립을 지원하기 위한 분류체계 제공\n- 국민안전처 장관은 제58조에 따라 방재산업을 육성하고 자연재해의 응급 대책, 신속한 복구 예방사업에 필요한 물자 자재 등의 안정적 조달 및 품질관리를 위하여 방재제품 및 방재 분야 산업체를 분류하여 관리\n- 재난안전산업 특수분류와 방재산업 특수분류를 통합하여 대분류 구성 체계를 기존 산업활동 중심에서 재난예방·대응·복구 단계 중심 체계로 변경하여 5개 대분류, 16개 중분류, 71개 소분류로 구성"
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          "en": "Statistics Korea"
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        "uri": "http://viaf.org/viaf/132970081"
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    "definition": {
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        "uri": "http://viaf.org/viaf/157817062"
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    "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/20240",
    "url": "https://www.kipo.go.kr/ko/kpoContentView.do?menuCd=SCD0200271",
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        "\"Die DEKLA bildet zusammen mit der IPC die interne Klassifikation des Deutschen Patent- und Markenamts (DPMA). Die DEKLA ist eine Erweiterung der IPC und besitzt ca. 40.000 Unterteilungen. Die IPC und die DEKLA besitzen zusammen ca. 110.000 Unterteilungen. Die DEKLA / IPC dient den Prüfern des DPMA zur Pflege ihres Prüfstoffs (Patentdokumente, die für die Patentprüfung benötigt werden). Auf den deutschen Patentdokumenten wird ausschließlich die IPC abgebildet, die unabhängig von der DEKLA / IPC vergeben wird.\" (Quelle: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentklassifikation)."
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        "IRMa Thésaurus"
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    "created": "2013-08-15T12:24:00Z",
    "definition": {
      "en": [
        "\"The 'Risk Thesaurus' is a set of terms chosen for their ability to facilitate the description of the major hazards theme. It allows to consult the terms attached to a descriptor (or keyword) and to more easily identify a subject in It is easy and quick to use: it allows you to translate your keywords into a structured language (descriptors) and provides a restricted and more relevant set of answers. To the descriptors that have been assigned to the documents. \""
      ],
      "fr": [
        "\"Le 'Thésaurus Risques' est un ensemble de termes choisis pour leur capacité à faciliter la description de la thématique des risques majeurs. Il permet de consulter les termes rattachés à un descripteur (ou mot-clé) et de cerner plus facilement un sujet en découvrant son environnement conceptuel. Il est facile et rapide à utiliser : il vous permet de traduire vos mots-clés dans un langage structuré (descripteurs) et fournit un ensemble restreint et plus pertinent de réponses. La recherche par mots-clés du thésaurus donne accès aux descripteurs qui ont été attribués aux documents.\""
      ]
    },
    "languages": [
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    ],
    "modified": "2019-04-23T15:50:00Z",
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "Institute of Major Hazards Thesaurus",
      "fr": "Institut des Risques Majeurs Thésaurus"
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        "\"The 2012 edition contains 18,755 terms of which 9,722 terms are preferred terms (called Controlled Indexing, Descriptors or Subject Headings on various platforms). 9,033 terms are lead-ins (synonyms) - terms that advise the searcher which controlled term they should use for searching.\""
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    "modified": "2019-05-03T09:25:00Z",
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        "\"There are 15,331 files in the TC/CS. Most of the descriptor terms in the TC/CS are in plural form (i.e. cars). The thesaurus uses the convention: if you can answer the question 'how much ____?' (how much rain), then the term will be listed in the singular form. If you can answer the question 'how many ____?' (i.e. how many cars), then it will be listed in the plural form. If you are unsure, then append a '*' wildcard to the desired words in your search strategy; for example 'survey*'. There are 15,331 files in the TC/CS. Each of the descriptor terms in the electronic TC.CS are contained in a self-standing file. That is, a term such as 'thesaurus' is stored in a file named 'thesaurus.html', and the BT,WT,NT, etc. are external crosslinks contained in the file. In all cases, any CTCS descriptor can only point to a BT, GT or WT that is one level above, or a NT or PT that is one level below, or a RT or AT that is on the same level. There are 10 levels in this hierarchy, going from terms such as 'Knowledge' and 'Research' at the top level down to the nuts and bolts at the bottom level.\""
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        "\"The IEEE Taxonomy comprises the first three hierarchical 'levels' under each term-family (or branch) that is formed from the top-most terms of the IEEE Thesaurus. In this document these term-families are arranged alphabetically and denoted by boldface type. Each term family's hierarchy goes to no more than three sublevels, denoted by indents (grouping of four dots) preceding the next level terms. A term can appear in more than one hierarchical branch and can appear more than once in any particular hierarchy. The IEEE Taxonomy is defined in this way so that it is always a subset of the IEEE Thesaurus.\n\nThe IEEE Thesaurus is a tool to improve and enhance the indexing and retrieval of articles and other material from IEEE periodicals, conferences, standards, and other publications that are made available on IEEE Xplore. It provides a common and consistent language for authors, researchers and online discovery.\""
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    "definition": {
      "en": [
        "The Classification of Scientific and Technological Materials is a classification of scientific and technological data collected, investigated, studied, preserved, and exhibited in the Science Museum, and is stipulated in Article 3 of the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Establishment, Operation, and Promotion of Science Museums."
      ],
      "ko": [
        "과학기술자료의 분류(Classification of Scientific and Technological Materials)는 과학관에서 수집ㆍ조사ㆍ연구하여 보존ㆍ전시되는 과학기술자료의 분류로, 과학관의 설립ㆍ운영 및 육성에 관한 법률 시행령 제3조와 [별표 1]에서 정하고 있다."
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    "startDate": "1992",
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      "en": [
        "The National Science and Technology Standard Classification System is a national standard classification framework for information management and distribution, efficient human resource management, and efficient planning and management of R&D projects in the field of science and technology, and is an independent two-dimensional classification system for research and application fields. The research field is a three-tier classification system, consisting of 22 major categories, 277 subcategories, and 2,799 detailed Area, and the application field is a one-tier classification system, consisting of 22 major categories. \nThe specialized agency for the classification system is the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP), which prepares a draft of the National Standard Classification Table for Science and Technology for the establishment of the National Science and Technology Standard Classification System. Based on this draft, the Minister of Science and ICT finalizes and promulgates the National Standard Classification Table for Science and Technology following deliberation by the Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology."
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      "und": [
        "국가과학기술표준분류체계(National Science and Technology Standard Classification System)는 과학기술 분야에서 정보의 관리․유통, 인력 관리의 효율화, 연구개발사업의 효율적 기획․관리를 위한 국가 표준 분류틀로, 연구분야와 적용분야의 독립적인 2차원 분류체계이다. 연구분야는 3계층 분류체계로서, 22개 대분류와 하위 277개 중분류 및 2,799개의 세부영역로 구성되며, 적용분야는 1계층 분류체계로서 32개의 대분류로 구성된다.\n분류체계의 전담기관은 한국과학기술기획평가원으로, 국가과학기술표준분류체계의 확립을 위해 국가과학기술표준분류표의 초안을 작성한다. 과학기술정보통신부장관은 이 초안을 토대로 국가과학기술자문회의의 심의를 거쳐 국가과학기술표준분류표를 확정하고 공표한다. "
      ]
    },
    "identifier": [
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      "http://openarchives.net/kos/국가과학기술표준분류체계"
    ],
    "languages": [
      "ko"
    ],
    "modified": "2025-12-30T15:42:58.620Z",
    "partOf": [
      {
        "uri": "http://bartoc.org/en/node/18972"
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    ],
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "National Science and Technology Standard Classification System",
      "ko": "국가과학기술 표준분류체계"
    },
    "publisher": [
      {
        "prefLabel": {
          "en": "한국과학기술기획평가원(Korea Institute of Science Technology Evaluation and Planning‏, KISTEP)"
        },
        "uri": "http://viaf.org/viaf/144712694"
      }
    ],
    "startDate": "2002",
    "subject": [
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        "inScheme": [
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